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The Nobel Prizes are universally regarded as the most prestigious awards in the world, recognizing intellectual achievement and extraordinary contributions that have conferred the "greatest benefit to humankind." Established by the will of Swedish inventor and industrialist Alfred Nobel (the inventor of dynamite), the prizes were first awarded in 1901.
From breakthroughs in quantum technology and material science to a powerful testament to democracy, this year's winners represent the vanguard of global progress.
The winners receive their awards (the medal, diploma, and prize money) at ceremonies held annually on December 10th, the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death (in Stockholm, except for the Peace Prize, which is awarded in Oslo).
How Nobel Prize Winners Are Elected
The selection of Nobel Laureates is a highly rigorous, multi-stage process governed by the statutes of the Nobel Foundation, with the deliberations kept secret for 50 years.
Nomination (September - January)
The process begins in the autumn of the preceding year when the Nobel Committees send out thousands of confidential invitation forms.
These invitations are extended only to specifically qualified people, such as university professors, scientists, previous Nobel Laureates, and members of national assemblies.
Crucially, self-nomination is strictly prohibited.
The deadline for submitting these nominations is January 31st of the award year.
Selection & Review (February - September)
The specialized Nobel Committees for each prize category then begin the intensive work of evaluating the thousands of received nominations.
They then create a shortlist of candidates from the nominations.
During the spring and summer, the committees consult with a diverse group of international experts and advisers to prepare comprehensive reports on the merits and significance of the shortlisted candidates' work.
Final Decision (October)
In October, the four prize-awarding institutions (such as the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for Physics and Chemistry, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee for Peace) gather to vote.
After a majority vote, the decision is final and cannot be appealed. The institutions then immediately announce the laureates to the world.
Nobel Prize Winners 2025
2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi for their groundbreaking discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance.
Their research revealed how the body's powerful immune system, ie, the regulatory T cells aka Tregs, is regulated to prevent it from attacking its own organs.
This work on 'immune peacekeepers' is vital for understanding and treating autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Type 1 diabetes.
2025 Nobel Prize in Physics
The Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret, and John M. Martinis for "the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit."
This work demonstrated quantum physics in action on a macroscopic scale (in a system big enough to hold in your hand).
Quantum tunnelling is a quantum mechanical phenomenon where a particle can pass through a potential energy barrier even if it does not have enough classical energy to overcome it.
This occurs because the particle's wave function has a non-zero probability of existing on the other side of the barrier.
Their discoveries have opened new opportunities for developing the next generation of quantum technology, including quantum cryptography, quantum computers, and advanced quantum sensors.
2025 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
MOFs are molecular constructions with internal spaces designed to hold other chemicals.
These materials are hailed for their vast potential in addressing global challenges, from harvesting water in desert air and capturing carbon dioxide to storing toxic gases and catalyzing chemical reactions.
This year’s Literature Prize honored Hungarian author László Krasznahorkai for 'his compelling and visionary oeuvre that, in the midst of apocalyptic terror, reaffirms the power of art.'
Krasznahorkai, often known as the "writer of apocalypse," is celebrated for his unique, powerful, and often darkly atmospheric epics, which place him in the great Central European literary tradition alongside writers like Kafka and Thomas Bernhard.
The most anticipated award, the Nobel Peace Prize, was granted to Maria Corina Machado of Venezuela.
The 2025 Economic Nobel Prize was awarded to:
Their work provides a new architectural tool for molecular engineering.
2025 Nobel Prize in Literature
Krasznahorkai, often known as the "writer of apocalypse," is celebrated for his unique, powerful, and often darkly atmospheric epics, which place him in the great Central European literary tradition alongside writers like Kafka and Thomas Bernhard.
The Swedish Academy recognized his ability to create profound symbols that speak to the political and societal stalemates of our time.
2025 Nobel Prize in Peace
The Norwegian Nobel Committee recognized her for her "tireless work promoting democratic rights for the people of Venezuela and for her struggle to achieve a just and peaceful transition from dictatorship to democracy."
Machado, an opposition leader and powerful symbol of civilian courage in Latin America, was praised for unifying a fragmented opposition and keeping the flame of democracy burning in an authoritarian nation.
Her win sent a powerful message globally: that democracy and human rights remain fundamental pillars of peace.
2025 The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences
- One half to Joel Mokyr "for having identified the prerequisites for sustained growth through technological progress."
- Other half jointly to Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt "for the theory of sustained growth through creative destruction."
Summary: List of Nobel Prize Winners 2025
Following is a list of the Nobel prize winners in 2025 for the six categories, including Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace & Economic Sciences:
| Field | Winner(s) | Contribution |
|---|---|---|
| Physiology or Medicine | Mary E. Brunkow (USA) Fred Ramsdell (USA) Shimon Sakaguchi (Japan) | For their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance, which explains how the body prevents its immune system from attacking its own organs. |
| Physics | John Clarke (USA) Michel H. Devoret (France) John M. Martinis (USA) | For the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit, foundational work for the next generation of quantum technology. |
| Chemistry | Susumu Kitagawa (Japan) Richard Robson (Australia) Omar M. Yaghi (US, Jordanian, Saudi) | For the development of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), molecular architectures with vast spaces for applications like gas capture, water harvesting, and catalysis. |
| Literature | László Krasznahorkai (Hungary) | For "his compelling and visionary oeuvre that, in the midst of apocalyptic terror, reaffirms the power of art." |
| Peace | Maria Corina Machado (Venezuela) | For her tireless work promoting democratic rights for the people of Venezuela and her struggle for a just and peaceful transition. |
| Economic Sciences | Joel Mokyr (USA-Israel) Philippe Aghion (France) Peter Howitt (Canada) | For explaining innovation-driven economic growth, particularly through the identification of prerequisites for technological progress and the theory of sustained growth through creative destruction. |
Nobel Prize Winners of 2024:
- Physics – John J. Hopfield & Geoffrey Hinton.
- Chemistry – David Baker, Demis Hassabis & John M. Jumper.
- Medicine – Victor Ambros & Gary Ruvkun.
- Literature – Han Kang.
- Peace – Nihon Hidankyo.
- Economic Sciences – Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, & James A. Robinson.
- Famous Novels of László Krasznahorkai – Melancholy of Resistance, Sátántangó, War and War, Seiobo There Below, & Baron Wenckheim’s Homecoming.
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